Assisted oocyte activation significantly improves zygote formation, cleavage, and implantation rates in patients with a history of fertilization failures

Abstract Background Fertilization check performed at the 18th hour following classic in vitro fertilization procedure (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is a critical stage in assisted reproduction. The success of the treatment is significantly reliant on the quantity of zygotes exhibiting two pronuclei. Consequently, low fertilization rates or complete fertilization failure are highly undesirable outcomes for both patients and reproductive specialists. Applying additional calcium ionophore for oocyte activation subsequent to ICSI may offer benefits and potentially enhance treatment outcomes, particularly for patients who have experienced low or absent fertilization rates (FR) in previous treatment cycles. The aim of the study is to evaluate the efficacy of Ca 2+ ionophore application for oocyte activation. Methods A retrospective analysis of 924 oocytes obtained from 120 patients who underwent ICSI cycles with a history of low or no fertilization as a result of previous unsuccessful treatment rounds. The next ART cycle followed with additional oocyte Ca 2+ ionophore activation applied in 57 of the cases in order to optimize the treatment process (Group 1), and 63 patients were included and their outcomes followed as a control group (Group 2). We conducted a comparative analysis of results in both groups. The study's primary outcomes encompassed fertilization, cleavage embryo quality, blastocyst rate, and established clinical pregnancies. Results At day 1 fertilization check we had 274/386 zygotes (71%FR) in group 1 and 132/410 in group 2 (32.2%FR), ( P < 0.0001). Twenty-two (34.9%) cycles in group 2 resulted in total fertilization failure (TFF). At the cleavage stage top-quality embryos from group 1 were significantly higher ( P = 0.0021) in comparison to group 2. Forty-eight embryo transfers (ET) were performed in group 1 resulting in 41.67% clinical pregnancies versus 33 ET and only 4 pregnancies (12.12%) for group 2 ( P = 0.0044). Conclusions The results confirm the appropriateness of assisted oocyte activation as an additional method in cases of previous fertilization failure cycles.