The Spread and Regional Development of Wheat Farming in the Yellow River Valley under the Han Empire

We synthesize recent archaeological discoveries on the spread of Han wheat farming, including archaeobotanical evidence, artefacts related to wheat farming and wheat flour processing, and discovered texts such as wooden slips. We cross-examine the archaeological data with transmitted historical records within the wider social and cultural contexts of the Yellow River valley and adjacent regions. We conclude that the spread of wheat farming in the Middle Yellow River region was slower than that of the Lower Yellow River region due to environmental and social reasons. After Emperor Wu's era, wheat farming began to take off in both regions, which was characterized by its expanding geographic distributions, its increasing importance in the imperial agricultural economies and its growing recognition by the society. The beneficial factors, including favorable climate-environmental conditions, accumulating agronomic knowledge, technological innovations and other factors, and changing dietary traditions played diverse roles in the regional development of wheat farming in these regions.