Association between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol-related inflammation indices and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a cross-sectional study employing machine learning analysis

Our comprehensive analytical approach demonstrates that MHR and NHR are promising biomarkers associated with increased COPD prevalence. The consistency of results across epidemiological, causal inference, and machine learning methods provides robust evidence for their potential clinical utility in risk stratification and guiding early intervention strategies.