Metalloporphyrin- and metallocorrole-based catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction: from molecules to materials

axial ligands, proton relay groups, electrostatic effects, and binuclear structures on the ORR mechanism and performance. Furthermore, the integration of these molecular catalysts into structured porous materials, including metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent-organic frameworks (COFs), and porous organic polymers (POPs), is discussed, highlighting how material design enhances catalytic activity, stability, and electron/proton transport. Finally, this review summarizes key achievements, identifies current challenges, and offers perspectives on future research directions for developing next-generation, high-performance ORR catalysts based on metalloporphyrins and metallocorroles. This work aims to provide valuable insights for the rational design of efficient and durable metalloporphyrin- and metallocorrole-based ORR catalysts and for the development of molecule-based functional materials for the future application of molecular electrocatalysis.