Unraveling the effects and mechanisms of antibiotics on aerobic simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal by Acinetobacter indicus CZH-5

The effects of antibiotics, such as tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, and ciprofloxacin, on functional microorganisms are of significant concern in wastewater treatment. This study observed that Acinetobacter indicus CZH-5 has a limited capacity to remove nitrogen and phosphorus using antibiotics (5 mg/L) as the sole carbon source. When sodium acetate was supplied (carbon/nitrogen ratio = 7), the average removal efficiencies of ammonia-N, total nitrogen, and orthophosphate-P increased to 52.46 %, 51.95 %, and 92.43 %, respectively. The average removal efficiencies of antibiotics were 84.85 % for tetracycline, 39.32 % for sulfamethoxazole, 18.85 % for ciprofloxacin, and 23.24 % for their mixtures. Increasing the carbon/nitrogen ratio to 20 further improved the average removal efficiencies to 72.61 % for total nitrogen and 97.62 % for orthophosphate-P (5 mg/L antibiotics). Additionally, the growth rate and pollutant removal by CZH-5 were unaffected by the presence of 0.1-1 mg/L antibiotics. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the promoted translation of aceE, aarA, and gltA genes provided ATP and proton -motive forces. The nitrogen metabolism and polyphosphate genes were also affected. The expression of acetate kinase, dehydrogenase, flavin mononucleotide enzymes, and cytochrome P450 contributed to antibiotic degradation. Intermediate metabolites were investigated to determine the reaction pathways.