Fabrication and application of novel high strength sulfonated PVDF ultrafiltration membrane for production of reclamation water

Advanced treated water (ATW) produced in wastewater treatment facilities was assessed as an excellent alternative water resource that can be used as reclamation water, such as indirect and direct potable reuse. The development of cutting-edge technology for simple but best practices is essential for the reliable production of safe reclamation water from wastewater. This study prepared a novel high strength sulfonated polyvinylidene fluoride (HSPVDF) ultrafiltration membrane and investigated to produce ATW, and performances were compared to sulfonated PVDF (SPVDF) (which was prepared without thermal treatment) and bare PVDF. To compare the properties of HSPVDF to hydrocarbon polymer, the polyetherimide (PEI) and Sulfonated PEI (SPEI) membrane were prepared. HSPVDF showed excellent membrane morphology, porosity, MWCO, and hydrophilicity, resulting in higher pure water flux (712 ± 6 L m-2 h-1) antifouling properties (Rir 1.3% and FRR 98.6%) compared to PVDF. It is an interesting fact that the tensile strength of the HSPVDF (3.4 ± 0.2 MPa) tremendously increased (3 folders) when compere to PVDF (1.3 ± 0.1 MPa). The HSPVDF membrane showed good removal efficiency up to 96 ± 05% and 97 ± 09% rejection for bovine serum albumin (BSA) and humic acid (HA), respectively. The membrane application studies for wastewater treatment showed that the tertiary HSPVDF UF membrane filtration following the nutrient removal activated sludge (NRAS) process can produce reliable and economic performance (125 ± 2 L m-2 h-1, 0.25 ± 0.05 NTU, no pathogens), suggesting that it can be a best practice technique that can replace the complicated multi-staged tertiary processes to produce reclamation water.