Cytogenetic observations on XX/XY chimaeras and a reassessment of the evidence for germ cell chimaerism in heterosexual twin cattle and marmosets

Testicular preparations were obtained from 7 bulls, twins of freemartins, and 1 male marmoset, all proved XX/XY chimaeras. X and Y sex chromosomes were confidently identified in nearly all the 87 spermatogonia at mitotic metaphase and 1052 primary spermatocytes at diakinesis-metaphase examined: no cell was identified as containing two X chromosomes. The germ cell chimaerism previously reported in these species is therefore not confirmed. Cultures grown from presumptive somatic these species is therefore not confirmed. Cultures grown from presumptive somatic cells in the testes of two of the bulls yielded 248 identifiable mitotic spreads, all XY-type; cultures from the gonads of their freemartin twins yielded 442 mitotic spreads, all XX-type. Direct preparations from one freemartin gonad, however, yielded 3 XY mitotic spreads out of 18 examined. The conflicting evidence concerning germ cell chimaerism in cattle and marmosets is discussed, particularly in relation to reports of XX/XY bulls that have sired a great excess of daughters. The possibility that XX germ cells contributed to the functional spermatozoa of these bulls is not favoured by present information, but is not excluded.