Inhibition effect of sulfur on Cd activity in soil-rice system and its mechanism

Sulfur (S) can regulate the mobility of cadmium (Cd) in soil and reduce Cd uptake by rice. However, the mechanism of how S affects soil properties and then regulates Cd mobility in rice growth through multiple factors is unclear. Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) and other in situ detection techniques, were innovatively used in this study. The effect of S on soil Cd mobility under flooded condition was analyzed in situ and the related mechanism was discussed. The results showed that the addition of S increased the level of dissolved organic oxygen (DOC), increased the concentration of Fe(Ⅱ) and S(-Ⅱ), and decreased the concentration of labile Cd in soil. Multiple regression analysis showed that Fe(Ⅱ), S(-Ⅱ), DOC were negatively correlated with labile Cd. S promoted the reduction of sulfate and iron and accelerated the formation of CdS and iron complexed Cd. The results of path analysis showed that the synergistic effect of S and Fe significantly inhibited the mobility of Cd. In particular, the mobility of Cd at tillering stage was greatly affected by S and Fe. Mercapto-palygorskite can effectively increase the concentration of Fe(Ⅱ),S(-Ⅱ) and DOC in soil, and reduce the harm of Cd to rice better than S0 and Na2SO4.