高原(数学)
永久冻土
水文学(农业)
冰川
地质学
地下水
构造盆地
流域
卫星
冰期后反弹
蓄水
仰角(弹道)
水位
高度计
雪
自然地理学
环境科学
气候学
冰期
地貌学
大地测量学
海洋学
地理
地图学
工程类
数学分析
数学
航空航天工程
岩土工程
入口
几何学
作者
Lu Xiang,Hansheng Wang,Holger Steffen,Patrick Wu,Lulu Jia,Liming Jiang,Qiang Shen
标识
DOI:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.06.002
摘要
Understanding groundwater storage (GWS) changes is vital to the utilization and control of water resources in the Tibetan Plateau. However, well level observations are rare in this big area, and reliable hydrology models including GWS are not available. We use hydro-geodesy to quantitate GWS changes in the Tibetan Plateau and surroundings from 2003 to 2009 using a combined analysis of satellite gravity and satellite altimetry data, hydrology models as well as a model of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA). Release-5 GRACE gravity data are jointly used in a mascon fitting method to estimate the terrestrial water storage (TWS) changes during the period, from which the hydrology contributions and the GIA effects are effectively deducted to give the estimates of GWS changes for 12 selected regions of interest. The hydrology contributions are carefully calculated from glaciers and lakes by ICESat-1 satellite altimetry data, permafrost degradation by an Active-Layer Depth (ALD) model, soil moisture and snow water equivalent by multiple hydrology models, and the GIA effects are calculated with the new ICE-6G_C (VM5a) model. Taking into account the measurement errors and the variability of the models, the uncertainties are rigorously estimated for the TWS changes, the hydrology contributions (including GWS changes) and the GIA effect. For the first time, we show explicitly separated GWS changes in the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent areas except for those to the south of the Himalayas. We find increasing trend rates for eight basins: +2.46±2.24 Gt/yr for the Jinsha River basin, +1.77±2.09 Gt/yr for the Nujiang-Lancangjiang Rivers Source Region, +1.86±1.69 Gt/yr for the Yangtze River Source Region, +1.14±1.39 Gt/yr for the Yellow River Source Region, +1.52±0.95 Gt/yr for the Qaidam basin, +1.66±1.52 Gt/yr for the central Qiangtang Nature Reserve, +5.37±2.17 Gt/yr for the Upper Indus basin and +2.77±0.99 Gt/yr for the Aksu River basin. All these increasing trends are most likely caused by increased runoff recharges from melt water and/or precipitation in the surroundings. We also find that the administrative actions such as the Chinese Ecological Protection and Construction Project help to store more groundwater in the Three Rivers Source Region, and suggest that seepages from the Endorheic basin to the west of it are a possible source for GWS increase in this region. In addition, our estimates for GWS changes basically confirm previous results along Afghanistan, Pakistan, north India and Bangladesh, and clearly reflect the excessive use of groundwater. Our results will benefit the water resource management in the study area, and are of particular significance for the ecological restoration in the Tibetan Plateau.
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