Synthesis and evaluation of resveratrol–cerium modified hydroxyapatite for enhanced bone repair scaffolds

rat tibial defect repair experiments demonstrated that the 3D-printed PCL@10Res-Ce/HA scaffold remarkably promoted osteogenesis by upregulating BMP2 expression. Additionally, Res-Ce MPNs in the PCL@10Res-Ce/HA scaffold inhibited excessive inflammation, thereby supporting bone regeneration. Importantly, comprehensive biosafety evaluations confirmed the clinical feasibility of the PCL@10Res-Ce/HA scaffold. Collectively, these findings indicate that the PCL@Res-Ce/HA scaffold with optimized composition integrates anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and bone defect repair capabilities, making it a promising candidate material for bone defect repair.