Hydrocolloid-based stimuli-responsive nanofiber films: Precision-controlled release of essential oils for sustainable food packaging

nanoparticles) to optimize release kinetics, mechanical integrity, and barrier functionality. Innovations in stimuli-responsive systems (humidity, pH, temperature) further enhance precision in antimicrobial and antioxidant delivery. Core-shell architectures, crosslinked networks, and multilayer hydrocolloid matrices prolong EO activity, while biodegradable polymers align with circular economy goals. Challenges remain in balancing controlled release with scalability and regulatory compliance. The integration of smart colloidal nanomaterials and multifunctional designs holds promise for next-generation packaging, reducing food waste through targeted bioactive delivery. Future efforts should prioritize scalable production, food matrix validation, and safety frameworks to realize the potential of hydrocolloid-derived nanofibers in global food systems.