Bee sting-shaped microneedles for accelerating Achilles tendinopathy healing via enhanced regulating macrophage polarization

, embedded in the DT-Exo-TMNs rapidly increased the temperature under near infrared (NIR) irradiation, significantly enhancing the antibacterial activity, promoting the release of therapeutic agents, and facilitating angiogenesis. In vivo experiments confirmed that DT-Exo-TMNs possess sufficient mechanical strength to insert the skin and deliver DT-Exo deep into tendon tissue in AT rat, thereby accelerating tendon repair through the synergistic alleviation of the inflammatory microenvironment and the regulation of immune homeostasis. In summary, these antibiotic-free, biocompatible, and multifunctional DT-Exo-TMNs hydrogel microneedles exhibit substantial potential for AT immunotherapy, providing a safe and effective therapeutic alternative for clinical applications.