Biomedical applications of two-dimensional nanomaterials: From structural design to functional integration

The two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterial can be considered a good material for the development of functional biomedical platforms due to its unique structure with layers, a large specific surface, and good bio-interface compatibility. And for this review, we'll mainly talk about some 2D materials which are widely studied today, like graphene, MXene, layered double hydroxides, metal-organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks, black phosphorus, silicene, boronene, and hexagonal boron nitride. Reviews the progress of different kinds of these materials for drug and gene delivery, bioimaging, photothermal/photodynamic therapy, antimicrobial therapy, biomedical engineering, tissue engineering, ant-inflammatory, and antitumor therapy. Then it gives a more systematic summary of their structural characteristics, surface functionalization pathways, and performance management ways. To understand how this works, researchers look for links between the synthesis process and biological behavior. A comprehensive analysis of existing research reveals many breakthroughs in the biomedical application of 2D materials, but researchers still need to make progress in controllable synthesis, biocompatibility testing, and translating this into clinical practice. Thus, the aim of this paper is to provide a clear theoretical foundation for the accurate development and sophisticated application of 2D materials in medical science to drive future progress. • Summarized structural design of 2D nanomaterials and their effects on properties and biological responses. • Reviewed functionalization strategies of 2D nanomaterials. • Provided a comprehensive overview of biomedical applications of 2D materials. • Analyzed key challenges (synthesis uniformity, biosafety, clinical translation) and proposed solutions.