Photoactive Nanomaterials for Broad-Spectrum Antibacterial Action: A Review

The rising threat of microbial contamination and antibiotic resistance has prompted the development of innovative antimicrobial approaches. This review discusses strategies to optimize the nanomaterials’ light absorption, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and photothermal conversion efficiency and systematically explores the action of photoactive nanomaterials. These nanomaterials exhibit exceptional photodynamic or photothermal properties, making them promising candidates for broad-spectrum antibacterial agents. Advancements in heterojunction design, surface modification, and combination therapies have significantly improved their antibacterial performance and selectivity. Despite the progress, challenges persist in achieving a harmonious balance between broad-spectrum action and selectivity for diverse applications. Nonetheless, this review anticipates substantial advancements in both fundamental research and practical applications in the future. The interdisciplinary collaboration between microbiology, nanotechnology, and phototherapy could drive innovations in the design and utilization of highly effective, selective, and resilient antimicrobial agents.