Sunscreens and Their Impact on Human Health and the Environment: A Review

The harmful effects of excessive sun exposure are well-documented, driving a significant increase in the use of photoprotection measures. However, some active ingredients in topical sunscreens, particularly organic or chemical UV filters, have raised concerns regarding their potential adverse effects on human health and the environment. This review examines the existing literature on the risks associated with sunscreen filters, highlighting both cutaneous reactions and systemic absorption, which may contribute to endocrine disruption. Additionally, the environmental impact of sunscreens is addressed, with a focus on their accumulation in marine ecosystems. Alternatives to traditional organic UV filters, including mineral filters, are evaluated for their safety and efficacy profiles.