Modulation of neuroplasticity and neuroinflammation by exosomal proteins and microRNA in depression: A review

Exosomes are tiny extracellular membrane vesicles produced by various biological sources that have gained significant attention due to their theranostic potential. They carry biological macromolecules such as proteins, DNA, and RNA (including miRNAs) involved in intercellular communication within the central nervous system (CNS). This review summarizes the role of exosomes and miRNAs in various aspects of depression, emphasizing the therapeutic potential of exosomes in depression and the applications of exosomes as drug delivery systems. Exosomes are involved in depression by modulating critical pathways involved in neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, blood-brain barrier integrity, neuroinflammation, and neural development. They reduce neuroinflammation by suppressing cytokine production and immune system activation. Furthermore, exosomes facilitate neuronal repair and neurogenesis, which is important for restoring neural circuitry, cognitive abilities, and emotional and mental stability affected by depression. Moreover, exosomal miRNAs are emerging as potential targets for both diagnostic and treatment perspectives in depression treatment. The miRNAs regulate gene expressions associated with neuronal functions and health and have the potential to serve as diagnostic biomarkers and targets for novel treatment approaches. In conclusion, exosomes may play a crucial role and may serve as potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets for depression, which will enhance the probability of successful treatment.