Immune response against lumpy skin disease after simultaneous vaccination of cattle with sheep pox and goat pox and foot and mouth disease vaccines

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) and Lumpy skin disease (LSD) are contagious viral diseases that cause significant economic damage in the livestock industry of countries. Cattle are vaccinated two times a year with FMD and sheep pox and goat pox vaccines (SGP) within 30-day intervals to combat both diseases in Türkiye. However, vaccinations in different periods increase vaccination costs, labor, and distress on animals. Therefore, it was aimed to determine the effects of simultaneous vaccination of FMD and SGP vaccines on the immunity against LSD and FMD in cattle. For this purpose, animals were divided into 4 groups; SGP vaccinated group (Group 1, n = 10), FMD vaccinated group (Group 2, n = 10), FMD and SGP simultaneously vaccinated group (Group 3, n = 10), and the unvaccinated control group (Group 4, n = 6). Blood samples were collected and analyzed to detect the antibody response against the LSD via Capripoxvirus (CaPV) ELISA and FMD by Virus Neutralisation test (VNT) and Liquid Phase Blocking ELISA (LPBE). A live virus challenge study was performed to determine the immune response against LSD. The mean antibody titers were determined protective levels on 28 days post vaccination (DPV) against FMDV serotypes O and A, respectively. The logarithmic difference of skin lesions was calculated log10 titer > 2.5. LSD genome could not be detected in the blood, eyes, and nose swap samples of the challenged animals on the 15th day via PCR. In conclusion, adequate protective immune response was provided against LSD when the SGP and FMD vaccines were used simultaneously in cattle.