Nanomedicine for T‐Cell Mediated Immunotherapy

Abstract T‐cell immunotherapy offers outstanding advantages in the treatment of various diseases, and with the selection of appropriate targets, efficient disease treatment can be achieved. T‐cell immunotherapy has made great progress, but clinical results show that only a small proportion of patients can benefit from T‐cell immunotherapy. The extensive mechanistic work outlines a blueprint for using T cells as a new option for immunotherapy, but also presents new challenges, including the balance between different fractions of T cells, the inherent T‐cell suppression patterns in the disease microenvironment, the acquired loss of targets, and the decline of T‐cell viability. The diversity, flexibility, and intelligence of nanomedicines give them great potential for enhancing T‐cell immunotherapy. Here, how T‐cell immunotherapy strategies can be adapted with different nanomaterials to enhance therapeutic efficacy is discussed. For two different pathological states, immunosuppression and immune activation, recent advances in nanomedicines for T‐cell immunotherapy in diseases such as cancers, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, ulcerative colitis, and diabetes are summarized. With a focus on T‐cell immunotherapy, this review highlights the outstanding advantages of nanomedicines in disease treatment, and helps advance one's understanding of the use of nanotechnology to enhance T‐cell immunotherapy.