Fully Integrated Wearable Biosensor for Multiple In Situ Phosphorylated Tau Protein Detection

Early diagnosis is critical for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), as it allows for timely detection and intervention. Here, we developed a fully integrated wearable electrochemical sensing patch for early screening of AD, which combines sample collection and detection within a device. This wearable patch integrates a custom-developed microneedle sampling system with a wearable multimodal electrochemical biosensor. Such a microneedle sampling system can deliver interstitial fluid (ISF) to the detection area through a microneedle array, where the electrochemical sensing system can directly detect AD-related biomarkers P-tau181 and P-tau217 in situ with detection limits of 0.058 and 0.079 pg/mL. Additionally, the sensing patch includes a Bluetooth module, enabling the transmission of detection results to a mobile phone APP for display and further detection control. This fully integrated wearable electrochemical sensing patch provides a promising strategy for early multiple in situ diagnosis of AD.