Harnessing nanomaterials to precisely regulate the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment for enhanced immunotherapy

Abstract The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in cancer progression and treatment, particularly in the field of immunotherapy. Composed of diverse cell types and extracellular matrix components, the TME collectively contributes to cancer pathogenesis and resistance to treatment. In recent years, innovative strategies targeting the TME have emerged as promising therapeutic approaches for cancer treatments. This review focuses on the latest advancements in engineered nanomaterials designed to modulate the immune‐suppressive characteristics of the TME, including hypoxia, reactive oxygen species levels, high interstitial fluid pressure, and acidity. By strategically manipulating the TME with nanomaterials, we hold promise for creating a more conducive environment for immune cell activation and destruction of tumor cells, thereby enhancing the efficacy of immunotherapy. The development of these nanomaterials represents a significant leap forward in our battle against cancer by offering a novel approach to overcome challenges posed by immune‐suppressive TME.