Combination targeted therapy with two biologic/targeted synthetic DMARDs in 1200 patients with immune mediated inflammatory diseases. A systematic literature review for current landscape in safety and efficacy

CTT benefits about half of refractory IMID patients, particularly TNFi/IL-23i, JAKi/bDMARD, and vedolizumab/TNFi combinations, without raising significant safety issues. Further research is needed to clarify safety and efficacy across diseases.