The Effectiveness of Cognitive-Focused Interventions for Adults With Diabetes: A Systematic Review

Background: Adults with diabetes and impaired memory and executive functions are more likely to experience difficulties in diabetes self-management and achieving glycemic targets. The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the evidence of the effects of cognitive-focused interventions on cognitive ability, diabetes self-management, and management of glycemic levels for middle-aged adults and older adults with diabetes. Methods: A systematic review of randomized controlled/clinical trials published in English between 2012 and 2022 was conducted. A search was performed using 5 databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus) in addition to hand-searching. The search terms included diabetes, adults, cognitive-focused intervention, cognition, self-management, and hemoglobin A 1C (HbA 1C ). Results: Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. Cognitive ability and diabetes self-management were assessed using different measurements, and glycemic levels were measured with HbA 1C . Nine studies applied cognitive training, one provided working memory training, and one used occupational therapy. Eight studies combined cognitive training with a co-intervention, including self-efficacy, lifestyle management, physical training, chronic disease self-management program, square-stepping exercise, psychoeducational intervention, and empowerment. Eight studies showed statistically significant improvements in at least one cognitive domain. Conclusions: Cognitive-focused interventions have a positive effect on improving memory and executive function. However, the evidence of cognitive-focused interventions on diabetes self-management and glycemic levels has not been established. Future studies to improve cognition using effective strategies to improve cognitive function enhancing diabetes self-management behaviors and managing glycemic levels are warranted.