Novel marine proteins as a global protein supply and human nutrition: Extraction, bioactivities, potential applications, safety assessment, and deodorization technologies

Proteins are crucial in maintaining human health and provide significant potential for various food-related purposes. According to recent data, the world protein demand is projected to double by 2050. Nevertheless, the contentious nature of the health concerns and environmental repercussions associated with meat consumption as a conventional and predominant protein source has persisted for a considerable period. Therefore, it is crucial to continue exploring alternative protein sources from marine life to address the growing consumer demand. The topic of blue foods has generated considerable attention due to their potential to function as alternative food sources with low carbon footprints and boast high protein content, making them excellent sources for extracting proteins. Hence, this review delves into marine proteins' extraction techniques, physicochemical and functional properties, bioactivities, applications, and safety assessment. This review showed that marine proteins have enormous antioxidant, anti-microbial, and antihypertensive potential. This protein can formulate acidic foods, such as milk analog products and protein-rich carbonated beverages, enriched with essential constituents beneficial to humans. Ultrasound extraction of protein is an effective method as it increases the extraction yield and functional and physicochemical properties and can be used as a single or hybrid extraction. Besides, various pretreatments must be explored before extracting novel marine proteins as they increase functionality. Deodorization of fishy odor requires combined technologies. The comprehensive investigation of the safety aspects of the extracted protein from marine organisms necessitates extensive research, encompassing both in vivo and in vitro experiments. Furthermore, it is imperative to delve into the underlying mechanisms associated with this process.