Correspondence between scalp‐EEG and stereoelectroencephalography seizure‐onset patterns in patients with MRI‐negative drug‐resistant focal epilepsy

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to evaluate the relationship between scalp-EEG and stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) seizure-onset patterns (SOP) in patients with MRI-negative drug-resistant focal epilepsy. METHODS: We analyzed retrospectively 41 patients without visible lesion on brain MRI who underwent video-EEG followed by SEEG. We defined five types of SOPs on scalp-EEG and eight types on SEEG. We examined how various clinical variables affected scalp-EEG SOPs. RESULTS: The most prevalent scalp SOPs were rhythmic sinusoidal activity (56.8%), repetitive epileptiform discharges (22.7%), and paroxysmal fast activity (15.9%). The presence of paroxysmal fast activity on scalp-EEG was always seen without delay from clinical onset and correlated with the presence of low-voltage fast activity in SEEG (sensitivity = 22.6%, specificity = 100%). The main factor explaining the discrepancy between the scalp and SEEG SOPs was the delay between clinical and scalp-EEG onset. There was a correlation between the scalp and SEEG SOPs when the scalp onset was simultaneous with the clinical onset (p = 0.026). A significant delay between clinical and scalp discharge onset was observed in 25% of patients and featured always with a rhythmic sinusoidal activity on scalp, corresponding to similar morphology of the discharge on SEEG. The presence of repetitive epileptiform discharges on scalp was associated with an underlying focal cortical dysplasia (sensitivity = 30%, specificity = 90%). There was no significant association between the scalp SOP and the epileptogenic zone location (deep or superficial), or surgical outcome. SIGNIFICANCE: In patients with MRI-negative focal epilepsy, scalp SOP could suggest the SEEG SOP and some etiology (focal cortical dysplasia) but has no correlation with surgical prognosis. Scalp SOP correlates with the SEEG SOP in cases of simultaneous EEG and clinical onset; otherwise, scalp SOP reflects the propagation of the SEEG discharge. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: We looked at the correspondence between the electrical activity recorded during the start of focal seizure using scalp and intracerebral electrodes in patients with no visible lesion on MRI. If there is a fast activity on scalp, it reflects similar activity inside the brain. We found a good correspondence between scalp and intracerebral electrical activity for cases without significant delay between clinical and scalp electrical onset (seen in 75% of the cases we studied). Visualizing repetitive epileptic activity on scalp could suggest a particular cause of the epilepsy: a subtype of brain malformation called focal cortical dysplasia.