Offshore green hydrogen production from wind energy: Critical review and perspective

Hydrogen is envisaged to play a major role in decarbonizing our future energy systems. Hydrogen is ideal for storing renewable energy over longer durations, strengthening energy security. It can be used to provide electricity, renewable heat, power long-haul transport, shipping, and aviation, and in decarbonizing several industrial processes. The cost of green hydrogen produced from renewable via electrolysis is dominated by the cost of electricity used. Operating electrolyzers only during periods of low electricity prices will limit production capacity and underutilize high investment costs in electrolyzer plants. Hydrogen production from deep offshore wind energy is a promising solution to unlock affordable electrolytic hydrogen at scale. Deep offshore locations can result in an increased capacity factor of generated wind power to 60–70%, 4–5 times that of onshore locations. Dedicated wind farms for electrolysis can use the majority >80% of the produced energy to generate economical hydrogen. In some scenarios, hydrogen can be the optimal carrier to transport the generated energy onshore. This review discusses the opportunities and challenges in offshore hydrogen production using electrolysis from wind energy and seawater. This includes the impact of site selection, size of the electrolyzer, and direct use of seawater without deionization. The review compares overall electrolysis system efficiency, cost, and lifetime when operating with direct seawater feed and deionized water feed using reverse osmosis and flash evaporation systems. In the short to medium term, it is advised to install a reverse osmosis plant with an ion exchanger to feed the electrolysis instead of using seawater directly.