High glucose exposure drives intestinal barrier dysfunction by altering its morphological, structural and functional properties

High dietary glucose consumption and hyperglycemia can result in chronic complications. Several studies suggest that high glucose (HG) induces dysfunction of the intestinal barrier. However, the precise changes remain unclear. In our study, we used in vitro models composed of Caco-2 and/or HT29-MTX cells in both monoculture and co-culture to assess the effects of long-term HG exposure on the morphological, structural, and functional properties of the intestinal barrier. Cells were grown in medium containing normal physiologic glucose (NG, 5.5 mM) or a clinically relevant HG (25 mM) concentration until 21 days. Results demonstrated that HG induced morphological changes, with the layers appearing denser and less organized than under physiological conditions, which is in accordance with the increased migration capacity of Caco-2 cells and proliferation properties of HT29-MTX cells. Although we mostly observed a small decrease in mRNA and protein expressions of three junction proteins (ZO-1, OCLN and E-cad) in both Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells cultured in HG medium, confocal microscopy showed that HG induced a remarkable reduction in their immunofluorescence intensity, triggering disruption of their associated structural network. In addition, we highlighted that HG affected different functionalities (permeability, mucus production and alkaline phosphatase activity) of monolayers with Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells. Interestingly, these alterations were stronger in co-culture than in monoculture, suggesting a cross-relationship between enterocytes and goblet cells. Controlling hyperglycemia remains a major therapeutical method for reducing damage to the intestinal barrier and improving therapies.