Clinical Implementation of Urinary Biomarkers for Surveillance of Non–muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer (NMIBC): Considerations from the European Association of Urology NMIBC Guideline Panel

Although high-level evidence is currently lacking, noninferiority randomised controlled trials in predefined risk groups in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer are under way to scientifically prove the safety of urinary biomarker-guided follow-up. To facilitate recommendations for clinical use, it is essential to comply with the EU certification for in vitro diagnostics and to demonstrate cost effectiveness.