Nanoreactors for photocatalysis

Photocatalysis is a fundamental and promising strategy for solar energy conversion. Photocatalytic reactions are divided into three basic steps: light absorption, photogenerated charge separation and migration, and surface redox reactions. Generally speaking, nanoreactor is a reactor based on atomic, nanometer or submicrometer scales designed to meet practical application, e.g., [email protected] microstructure. Rational design of nanoreactors for photocatalytic reactions is of great importance to effectively enhance the photocatalytic activity. In this review, the nanoreactors include metal [email protected] [email protected] structure nanoreactors, metal [email protected] [email protected] structure nanoreactors as well as covalent–organic framework/covalent–organic frameworks-based nanoreactors are summarized. Firstly, this article briefly reviews the general synthesis strategies of nanoreactors. Secondly, various strategies for enhancing the photocatalytic performance of nanoreactors are summarized and discussed, including metal [email protected] [email protected] structure nanoreactors, metal [email protected] [email protected] structure nanoreactors and covalent–organic frameworks/covalent–organic frameworks-based nanoreactors. Furthermore, some metal–organic frameworks/metal–organic frameworks-based nanoreactors are also discussed. Finally, the challenges and future directions of nanoreactors for photocatalysis are proposed.