Early investigational agents for the treatment of rosacea: drugs in phase I and II clinical development

The evolving understanding of rosacea's multifaceted pathophysiology, including neurovascular dysregulation and immune responses, has led to exploration of novel treatments. Mainstays of treatment are topical and systemic antibiotics, topical vasoconstrictors, pulsed dye laser, and intense pulsed light. However, even with these treatment options, some patients remain unsatisfied with results. Addressing the underlying pathophysiology of rosacea may be more effective than a siloed approach. Therapies on the horizon, such as phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors, biologics, topical tyrosine kinase inhibitors, neurotoxin, topical probiotics, Dermaceuticals, oral tranexamic acid, oral supplements, and neuropeptide modulators are investigated as targeted interventions. Use of lasers in synergy with topical treatments offers a multipronged personalized approach. While management remains challenging, ongoing research provides promise for additional effective and individualized treatment plans.