The ZmAHL25‐ZmPUB19‐ZmMPK5 Module Positively Regulates Resistance to Rhizoctonia solani in Maize

Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis is a crucial mechanism in plant defenses against pathogens. However, the role of E3 ubiquitin ligases in the maize (Zea mays) defense response against Rhizoctonia solani, a major soil-borne fungal pathogen that causes banded leaf and sheath blight, remains unclear. We previously identified the maize ZmPUB19 gene, which encodes a U-box E3 ubiquitin ligase and is upregulated upon R. solani infection, suggesting its potential involvement in maize defense responses. In this study, we established that ZmPUB19 positively influences the maize defense response to R. solani. In vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that ZmPUB19 interacts with and ubiquitinates the mitogen-activated protein kinase ZmMPK5, resulting in ZmMPK5 degradation in response to R. solani infection. The Zmmpk5 mutant demonstrated superior resistance to R. solani compared to the wild type. Additionally, we identified an AT-Hook Motif Nuclear Localized (AHL) transcription factor, ZmAHL25, which binds to the AT-rich cis-element in the ZmPUB19 promoter and activates its expression under R. solani attack. Notably, decreased expression of ZmAHL25 increased maize susceptibility to R. solani. Collectively, our findings show that the ZmAHL25-ZmPUB19-ZmMPK5 module plays a positive role in regulating maize defense responses to R. solani infection.