Comparison of two real-time ultrasound-guided dural puncture techniques for spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial

Ultrasound guidance for spinal anesthesia can overcome limitations of landmark-based approaches, particularly in elderly patients.[1 2][1] The paramedian sagittal oblique (PMSO) view is commonly used[1 3][1] but is associated with slow cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) efflux or dry tap,[3][2] likely due to