High-performance environmental adaptive microsupercapacitors from multifunctional hydrogel via modulating ionic hydration and hydrogen bonds

The advance of microelectronic systems requires their energy power microsupercapacitors (MSCs) possessing environmental adaptability beyond the high energy density. The electrolyte in MSCs plays a crucial role in satisfying the above requirements. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate the hydrogel electrolyte with multifunctions, including ultralow phase-transition temperature of -103.8 °C, 2.80 V electrochemical window, superior anti-dehydration and rapid self-healing ability, via modulating its ionic hydration and hydrogen bonds. It is used to build graphene-based MSCs, which show promising energy density of 41.56 µWh cm−2, super-wide working temperature range from -60 to 100 °C, exciting self-regeneration ability after deep dehydration and self-healing ability under severe physical damage. The MSCs meet the requirement of advanced microelectronic systems. The strategy developed here paves a way towards high-performance MSCs in harsh environment.