Advances in organic polymer electrode materials for ion batteries: A comprehensive review

Organic polymer electrodes have gained increasing popularity as electrode materials for rechargeable metal-ion batteries due to their numerous benefits in terms of structural diversity, high abundance, cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness, sustainability, unique electrochemical properties and precise tuning for different battery chemistries. Herein, the organic polymers including conjugated carbonyl polymers (polyketones, polyimides and polyquinones), organic free radical polymers, organosulfur polymers and conducting polymers (polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) are overviewed and their applications in various metal-ion and aqueous rechargeable batteries (Li+, Na+, K+, Zn2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Al3+) are comprehensively summarized. Furthermore, the advantage of conjugated porous polymers will be specifically highlighted due to their ability to merge the flexibility of organic/polymeric materials and the advantages of porous structures. In the last section, the prospects of key challenges and future trends of redox polymers as electrode materials for advanced electrochemical energy storage devices will be discussed.