Higher fasting ghrelin serum levels in active smokers than in former and never-smokers

Ghrelin, an orexigenic peptide hormone, promotes drug reward and is suspected to play a role in nicotine dependence. However, there is little data on whether ghrelin levels are associated with active and/or former smoking. The relationship between ghrelin serum levels and smoking status in a population-based sample of individuals was studied.Total ghrelin was determined after an overnight fast in 1519 subjects participating in a population-based cohort study ('LIFE-Adult'). Tobacco consumption was assessed using both the questionnaire and interview. Generalised linear models with gamma distribution and log-link function were performed to analyse the association of total serum ghrelin with smoking status and the association between serum ghrelin and the amount of tobacco consumed in active smokers.Ghrelin levels were positively associated with active, but not former smoking (OR = 1.095; p = .002). This association was not moderated by sex (interaction of 'active smoking' and sex: p = .346). Ghrelin levels were not associated with the amount of tobacco consumed in active smokers.This study provides evidence that total ghrelin serum levels are positively associated with active smoking. No association was found for former smokers. A unique feature of the study is the large sample size.