Rubber, 9. Chemicals and Additives

Abstract The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Vulcanization Chemicals 2.1. Basics of Vulcanization 2.2. Sulfur‐Containing Cross‐Linking Agents 2.3. Vulcanization Accelerators 2.3.1. Classes of Accelerators 2.3.2. Toxicology and Ecology of Organic Vulcanization Accelerators 2.3.3. Delivery Forms of Vulcanization Accelerators 2.4. Accelerator Activators 2.5. Sulfur‐Free Cross‐Linking Agents 2.5.1. Peroxides (Organic Peroxides and Peroxycarboxylic Acids) 2.5.2. Quinone Dioxime 2.5.3. Polymethylolphenol Resins 2.5.4. Other Cross‐Linking Agents 2.5.5. Radiation Cross‐Linking 2.6. Vulcanization Retarders 3. Antidegradants 3.1. Appearance of Aging and Fatigue 3.2. Classification and Types of Antidegradants 3.2.1. Staining Antidegradants that Act as Anti‐Flex‐Cracking Agents and Antiozonants 3.2.2. Staining Antidegradants with Protection against Fatigue, but Not against Ozone 3.2.3. Staining Antidegradants with Little or No Protection against Fatigue and None against Ozone 3.2.4. Nonstaining Antidegradants with Protection against Fatigue or Ozone 3.2.5. Nonstaining Antidegradants without Protection against Fatigue or Ozone 3.2.6. Nonstaining Antiozonants without Protection against Aging 3.2.7. Other Antidegradants 3.3. Choice of Antidegradants 4. Fillers and Pigments 4.1. Typical Properties and Types of Fillers 4.1.1. Action of Fillers 4.1.2. Properties of Fillers and Their Significance 4.2. Carbon Blacks 4.3. White Fillers 4.3.1. Precipitated Silicas 4.3.1.1. Production 4.3.1.2. Physicochemical Properties 4.3.1.3. Commercial Products 4.3.1.4. Essentials of Rubber Silicas 4.3.2. Inactive White Fillers 4.3.3. Coating of Fillers 4.4. Pigments 4.4.1. White Pigments 4.4.2. Inorganic Colored Pigments 4.4.3. Organic Colored Pigments 4.5. Organic Fillers 5. Plasticizers 5.1. General 5.2. Mineral Oils 5.3. Synthetic Plasticizers 5.4. Natural Products 6. Processing Additives 6.1. Behavior and Classification of Processing Additives 6.2. Peptizers 6.3. Dispersing Agents and Lubricants 6.4. Homogenizers