The human gut microbiota (GM) has become a potential target for influencing health and illness in recent years. GM is influenced by a variety of things. Diet is one of the most essential aspects at this point. Consumed nutrients are metabolized by GM, which produces a wide range of microbial metabolites that can affect human physiology. Dietary components, on the other hand, influence the composition and metabolic activity of GM, with good or negative consequences for human health. Nutrients, on the other hand, are rarely ingested on their own. The study of the diet-microbiota interaction has progressed beyond dietary components to dietary patterns as a whole. The impact of nutritional components and dietary patterns on GM and their impact on human health is summarized in this article.