Minimally Invasive Surgical Management of Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction: Laparoscopic and Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty

Ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction is characterized by a functionally significant impairment of urinary transport caused by an intrinsic or extrinsic obstruction in the area where the ureter joins the renal pelvis. The majority of cases are congenital in origin; however, acquired conditions at the level of the ureteropelvic junction may also present with symptoms and signs of obstruction. Until recently, open pyeloplasty and endoscopic techniques have been the main surgical options, with the intent of complete excision or incision of the obstruction. The introduction of laparoscopy and robot-assisted applications has allowed for minimally invasive reconstructive surgery that mirrors open surgical techniques. These techniques offer substantial benefits to patients by reducing morbidity, hastening postoperative recovery, and improving cosmetic outcome. During the last decade, laparoscopic pyeloplasty has garnered much interest. However, because of the technically challenging nature of this procedure, it is performed only at select medical centers by surgeons with advanced laparoscopic training. The recent introduction of robotics to the field of minimally invasive surgery may facilitate this procedure and allow for more widespread implementation by surgeons of varying skill levels. This review is limited primarily to the treatment of congenital or acquired UPJ obstruction via laparoscopic and robot-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty. Herein, we report the early results, ongoing evolution, and potential future role for these novel surgical procedures.