A salt tracer test monitored with surface ERT to detect preferential flow and transport paths in fractured/karstified limestones

ABSTRACT In hard-rock aquifers, fractured zones constitute adequate drinking water exploitation areas but also potential contamination paths. One critical issue in hydrogeological research is to identify, characterize, and monitor such fractured zones at a representative scale. A tracer test monitored with surface electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) could help by delineating such preferential flow paths and estimating dynamic properties of the aquifer. However, multiple challenges exist including the lower resolution of surface ERT compared with crosshole ERT, the finite time that is needed to complete an entire data acquisition, and the strong dilution effects. We conducted a natural gradient salt tracer test in fractured limestones. To account for the high transport velocity, we injected the salt tracer continuously for four hours at a depth of 18 m. We monitored its propagation with two parallel ERT profiles perpendicular to the groundwater flow direction. Concerning the data acquisition, we always focused on data quality over temporal resolution. We performed the experiment twice to prove its reproducibility by increasing the salt concentration in the injected solution (from 38 to 154 g/L). Our research focused on how we faced every challenge to delineate a preferential flow and solute transport path in a typical calcareous valley of southern Belgium and on the estimation of the transport velocity (more than 10 m/hour). In this complex environment, we imaged a clear tracer arrival in both ERT profiles and for both tests. Applying filters (with a cutoff on the relative sensitivity matrix and on the background-resistivity changes) was helpful to isolate the preferential flow path from artifacts. Regarding our findings, our approach could be improved to perform a more quantitative experiment. With a higher temporal resolution, the estimated value of the transport velocity could be narrowed, allowing estimation of the percentage of tracer recovery.