High-Performance Self-Powered Vertical MoTe 2 p-i-n Photodiode for Near-Infrared Detection and Spike Encoding

, an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 91.7%, and a fast impulse response time (19.5 ns) under zero voltage bias. Furthermore, the integration of p-i-n photodiode with a voltage-controlled oscillator demonstrates a bioinspired optical-to-electrical spike conversion mechanism. This functional similarity to the signal encoding of retinal ganglion cells highlights a feasible hardware pathway for neuromorphic vision applications.