Transcranial magnetic stimulation for the management of late life depression: a critical appraisal of available evidence

TMS represents a valuable therapeutic option for managing LLD, particularly in patients who are medication-intolerant or at high risk for adverse effects. While evidence supports its efficacy and safety, further research is needed to optimize protocols, identify predictors of response, and assess long-term outcomes. Addressing implementation challenges will be essential for translating these advances into routine clinical practice.