The regulatory effects and mechanisms of plant food-derived bioactive components on gut barrier function and intestinal homeostasis: a comprehensive review

The gut barrier, composed of physical, secretory, immunological, and biological components, serves as the first line of defense against external threats. The commensal microbiota not only functions as a biological barrier to maintain intestinal homeostasis but also produces metabolites that regulate gut barrier integrity. Increasing evidence suggests that gut barrier dysfunction is linked to gastrointestinal diseases, autoimmune disorders, and neurological conditions. Plant food-derived bioactive components exhibit diverse bioactivities, including the ability to modulate gut microbiota and improve gut barrier function, potentially preventing chronic diseases. This review explores the mechanisms underlying gut barrier disruption caused by drugs, diet, pathogenic infections, diseases, and alcohol. Additionally, it provides a comprehensive summary of the beneficial effects of specific plant food-derived bioactive components on gut barrier function and intestinal homeostasis, along with their underlying mechanisms. By elucidating these interactions, this review offers valuable insights for developing safer, more effective, and affordable plant-based strategies to prevent or mitigate gut barrier dysfunction. Understanding the role of plant food-derived bioactive compounds in gut health may contribute to novel dietary interventions aimed at strengthening intestinal defenses and reducing the risk of chronic diseases associated with gut barrier impairment.