Modeling the co-dynamics of HIV, TB and COVID-19 using fractional order: Impact of control strategies

This study presents a comprehensive investigation into triple infections, HIV, TB and COVID-19, using a mathematical model based on nonlinear fractional-order differential equations in the Caputo sense. We conduct stability analysis of equilibrium points using fractional methodologies and employ sensitivity analysis to identify key model parameters influencing disease spread and control. The results suggest that managing disease transmission rates is crucial for reducing the burden of triple infections. Dynamics of single and multiple infections are explored through a fractional optimal control problem. We propose and analyze three control measures aimed at reducing viral infection rates, demonstrating the potential for achieving near-total eradication. By juxtaposing fractional and classical dynamics, essential pathways for effectively managing the triple infections are delineated. Our findings underscore the ways for policymakers in formulating targeted interventions to mitigate the burden of HIV, TB and COVID-19 infections in communities.