MXene/Cellulose composites as electromagnetic interference shields: Relationships between microstructural design and shielding performance

High performance and sustainable shielding materials are in great demand to mitigate electromagnetic interference (EMI) pollution. MXene/polymer composites have emerged as highly efficient EMI shields. Cellulose as a naturally occurring polymer has garnered a great deal of attention owing to its sustainability, abundance, and desirable mechanical properties. Therefore, MXene/cellulose composites have become attractive EMI solutions with outstanding effectiveness. Micro/nano-structural design plays a key role for the shielding performance and mechanisms. This paper aims to outline recent advances in MXenes/cellulose EMI shields and provide a deep understanding of the structure-performance relationships in both solid and porous shields. After discussing the shielding mechanisms, the role of hybrid material composition, interactions, interfaces, morphology, and fabrication methods on the shielding efficiency and mechanisms are scrutinized. Overall, solid composite films exhibit reflection dominant shielding mechanism, while porous materials and complex microstructures can be designed for enhanced absorption. Finally, the challenges hindering the widespread adoption of MXene/cellulose shields are highlighted and their future horizons are unveiled.