Fully 3D printed dielectric elastomer actuators based on silicone and its composites

Abstract Dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA) is one of the most promising types of soft actuation technology, which has great potential in the fields of wearable devices and soft robotics. It consists of a dielectric elastomer layer, which is an electroactive polymer that can produce large deformation, and compliant electrodes to bring charges to certain locations. In this article, direct ink writing (DIW) technology, an emerging 3D printing method, was used to realize the preparation of the electrode‐elastomer‐electrode stack of the DEA. The dielectric and electrode materials were designed with suitable rheological properties to fulfill the need for the extrusion process. The formulated silicone material not only presented excellent dielectric and mechanical properties, but also good printability. Extrudable electrodes were prepared based on silicone composites with the characteristics of mechanical compliance and high conductivity. The fully printed DEA achieved a maximum actuation strain of 11.11%, a fast response time of 0.76 s and excellent electromechanical repeatability. DEA arrays were also achieved, possessing the ability to carry out on‐demand actuation, allowing each actuator to be activated singly or work in groups. Thanks to the design freedom of the DIW technology, this strategy is able to manufacture fine and complex structures with precise active zones, paving a way for the fabrication of next‐generation smart devices. Highlights Printable silicone ink was formulated with good dielectric property and softness. Carbon black/silicone composites were obtained with high conductivity and compliant nature. The silicone composites were printed into thin films to act as electrodes. Fully 3D printed dielectric elastomer actuators (DEA) were achieved by direct ink writing. DEA arrays with on‐demand actuation were realized by well‐defined printing.