Insulin induces bioenergetic changes and alters mitochondrial dynamics in podocytes

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most frequent complications of diabetes. Early stages of DN are associated with hyperinsulinemia and progressive insulin resistance in insulin-sensitive cells, including podocytes. The diabetic environment induces pathological changes, especially in podocyte bioenergetics, which is tightly linked with mitochondrial dynamics. The regulatory role of insulin in mitochondrial morphology in podocytes has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, the main goal of the present study was to investigate effects of insulin on the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics and bioenergetics in human podocytes. Biochemical analyses were performed to assess oxidative phosphorylation efficiency by measuring the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and glycolysis by measuring the extracellular acidification rate (ECAR). mRNA and protein expression were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. The intracellular mitochondrial network was visualized by MitoTracker staining. All calculations were conducted using CellProfiler software. Short-term insulin exposure exerted inhibitory effects on various parameters of oxidative respiration and adenosine triphosphate production, and glycolysis flux was elevated. After a longer time of treating cells with insulin, an increase in mitochondrial size was observed, accompanied by a reduction of expression of the mitochondrial fission markers DRP1 and FIS1 and an increase in mitophagy. Overall, we identified a previously unknown role for insulin in the regulation of oxidative respiration and glycolysis and elucidated mitochondrial dynamics in human podocytes. The present results emphasize the importance of the duration of insulin stimulation for its metabolic and molecular effects, which should be considered in clinical and experimental studies of DN.