The mixed biofilm formed by Listeria monocytogenes and other bacteria: Formation, interaction and control strategies

Listeria monocytogenes is an important foodborne pathogen. It can adhere to food or food contact surface for a long time and form biofilm, which will lead to equipment damage, food deterioration, and even human diseases. As the main form of bacteria to survive, the mixed biofilms often exhibit higher resistance to disinfectants and antibiotics, including the mixed biofilms formed by L. monocytogenes and other bacteria. However, the structure and interspecific interaction of the mixed biofilms are very complex. It remains to be explored what role the mixed biofilm could play in the food industry. In this review, we summarized the formation and influence factors of the mixed biofilm developed by L. monocytogenes and other bacteria, as well as the interspecific interactions and the novel control measures in recent years. Moreover, the future control strategies are prospected, in order to provide theoretical basis and reference for the research of the mixed biofilms and the targeted control measures.