Anti‐cancer bioactivity of sweet basil leaf derived extracellular vesicles on pancreatic cancer cells

Abstract Most living organisms secrete tiny lipid bilayer particles encapsulating various biomolecular entities, including nucleic acids and proteins. These secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) are shown to aid in communication between cells and their environment. EVs are mainly involved in the signalling and manipulation of physiological processes. Plant EVs display similar functional activity as seen in mammalian EVs. Medicinal plants have many bioactive constituents with potential applications in cancer treatment. Particularly, Basil ( Ocimum basilicum ), has wide therapeutic properties including anti‐inflammatory, anti‐cancer, and anti‐infection, among others. In this study, we focused on using EVs purified from Apoplast Washing Fluid (AWF) of Basil plant leaves as a biological therapeutic agent against cancer. Characterization of Basil EVs revealed a size range of 100–250 nm, which were later assessed for their cell uptake and apoptosis inducing abilities in pancreatic cancer cells. Basil plant EVs (BasEVs) showed a significant cytotoxic effect on pancreatic cancer cell line MIA PaCa‐2 at a concentration of 80 and 160 μg/mL in cell viability, as well as clonogenic assays. Similarly, RT‐PCR and western blot analysis has shown up regulation in apoptotic gene and protein expression of Bax, respectively, in BasEV treatment groups compared to untreated controls of MIA PaCa‐2. Overall, our results suggest that EVs from basil plants have potent anti‐cancer effects in pancreatic cancer cells and can serve as a drug delivery system, demanding an investigation into the therapeutic potential of other medicinal plant EVs.