Evaluating nano Primal AC33 for protection and consolidation processes of archaeological pottery: a comparison study with silica and montmorillonite nanoparticles

Purpose This study aims to offer an effective nanocomposite for potential use to consolidate and protect deteriorated archaeological pottery. Design/methodology/approach Three nanocomposites were used in the experimental study. This study used nano Primal AC33, silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) and montmorillonite (MMT) nanoparticles to protect and consolidate pottery specimens. Pottery specimens were made at 800°C for this investigation. Consolidation materials were applied with a brush. The properties of the treated pottery specimens were assessed using several methods such as digital and scanning electron microscopes, static water contact angle, color alteration, physical properties and compressive strength. Findings Microscopic examination indicated the ability of the nano Primal AC33/MMT nanocomposites to cover the outer surface well and bind the inner granules. Concerning specimens with code F treated with nano Primal AC33 5%/MMT 3% nanocomposites, it achieved an increase in contact angle (120°), density (1.23 g/cm 3 ) and compressive strength (561 kg/cm 2 ), as well as a decrease in color change (Δ E = 2.62), water absorption (4.45%) and porosity (5.46%). The novelty of the results is due to the characteristics of nano Primal AC33 5%/MMT 3% nanocomposites used in the current study. Originality/value This study describes the significant results of the analytical methods used for evaluating consolidation materials used in this study. The findings offer useful information for the protection of archaeological pottery. The investigation indicated that nano Primal AC33 5%/MMT 3% nanocomposites gave the best results. Therefore, it is recommended to use this nanocomposite to consolidate archaeological pottery. As a result, the current work provides a promising first step in conserving archaeological pottery for future studies.