Bifunctional Electrospun PAN/ε-Polylysine Composite Membranes for High-Efficiency PM 2.5 and PM 10 Filtration with Antimicrobial Protection

). The quality factor analysis confirmed optimal balance between high filtration efficiency and breathability at 15 min electrospinning time. These dual-functional membranes demonstrate the synergistic integration of high-efficiency particulate filtration across multiple size fractions with antimicrobial protection, offering a promising platform for personal protective equipment, HVAC systems, and healthcare air purification applications where simultaneous removal of coarse and fine airborne particles and pathogen inactivation is critical.