Physical, chemical, and biological techniques for the removal of emerging contaminant PFAS: a comprehensive study

ABSTRACT Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have gained significant consideration due to their environmental persistence and possible health risks associated with exposure. This review provides a comprehensive impression of the various methods employed to remove PFAS contaminants from water sources. These methods encompass physical, chemical, and biological approaches, each offering distinct advantages and challenges. In physical methods, adsorption technologies using activated carbon, ion-exchange resins, and high-pressure membrane systems have established promising results in PFAS removal. Chemical methods, including advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and chemical precipitation, offer efficient PFAS degradation capabilities. Biological treatment methods, such as bioremediation and phytoremediation, harness the natural abilities of microorganisms and plants to degrade or accumulate PFAS. While these approaches are environmentally friendly, their effectiveness may be influenced by the complexity of water matrices and the specific PFAS compounds present. This review highlights the benefits and restrictions of each technique, emphasizing the need for a holistic approach that combines multiple techniques for effective PFAS removal. Additionally, it underscores the importance of ongoing research to address the challenges posed by PFAS contamination and develop sustainable and cost-effective solutions for safeguarding water quality and public health.